CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ARCTIC: IMPACT ON OCEAN CURRENTS AND ECOSYSTEMS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
Abstract
The article analyzes the impact of climate change in the Arctic on ocean currents, in particular on the Atlantic Meridional Circulation (AMOC), and also studies the ecological consequences of these changes for the Atlantic Ocean. It is found that the increase in temperature in the Arctic, which is accompanied by a significant reduction in the area and thickness of sea ice, leads to an increase in the volume of freshwater runoff, which in turn changes the structure of ocean circulation. It is assessed how the accumulation of freshwater affects the weakening of circulation processes, which has a direct effect on climatic stability in the regions of Western Europe and North America. The processes of borealization, which are manifested in the shift of the ranges of northern temperate species towards the Arctic, which causes significant changes in trophic chains and the functioning of marine ecosystems, are considered in detail. It is proven that these changes are associated with a decrease in salinity and an increase in surface water temperature, which depend on the intensity of ice sheet melting in the Arctic. Special emphasis is placed on studying the con- nections between the weakening of the Atlantic meridional circulation and the impact of these processes on changes in the biogeographical ranges of marine species in the North Atlantic. An integrated approach to modeling the impact of climate change is proposed, which takes into account not only oceanographic pro- cesses, but also ecological aspects, which allows creating a more comprehensive picture of the dynamics of change. Scientific positions on the adaptation of the Atlantic ecosystem to climate change have been formed, which include regular monitoring of the state of Arctic ecosystems, further development of climate models to predict long-term consequences of changes. The feasibility of new research to expand the horizons of assessing the impact of current climate change on the volumes, directions of transportation and movement of Arctic ocean waters has been substantiated.
References
2. Deb J. C., Bailey S. A. Arctic marine ecosystems face increasing climate stress. Environmental Reviews. 2023. 31(3). 403–451. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0101
3. Frazier K. A. Arctic Climate Change and its Impact on Homeland Security. 2024. URL: https://tedstevensarcticcenter. org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Frazier_Arctic-_Climate_2024.pdf (дата звернення: 08 грудня 2024).
4. Frew R. C., Feltham D., Schroeder D., Bateson A. W. Toward a marginal Arctic sea ice cover: Changes to freezing, melting and dynamics. The Cryosphere Discussions. 2023. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-91
5. Greene C., Pershing A., Cronin T., Ceci N. Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. Ecology. 2008. 89. 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0550.1
6. Hegde P. D. Global warming: Effects and remedy. KK Publications. 2021. 366 p.
7. Herman A., Węsławski J. M. Typical and anomalous pathways of surface-floating material in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. Scientific Reports. 2022. 12. 20521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25008-5
8. Igini M. Changing Deep Ocean Currents Due to Antarctic Melting Could Have Disastrous Impact on Climate. Earth. org. 2023. Retrieved from https://earth.org/deep-ocean-currents-report/ (дата звернення: 10 грудня 2024).
9. Kayode-Edwards J., Kayode-Edwards I., Kayode-Edwards D. Climate Change in the Arctic. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73584-4_4
10. Landsat-8/LDCM. (n.d.). URL: https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/landsat-8-ldcm (дата звернення: 10 грудня 2024).
11. Mallett R. D., Stroeve J. C., Tsamados M., Landy J. C., Willatt R., Nandan V., Liston G. E. Faster decline and higher variability in the sea ice thickness of the marginal Arctic seas when accounting for dynamic snow cover. The Cryo- sphere. 2021.15(5). 2429–2450.
12. Makedon V., Dzeveluk A., Khaustova Y., Bieliakova O., Nazarenko I. Enterprise multi-level energy efficiency man- agement system development. International Journal of Energy, Environment, and Economics. 2021. 29(1). 73–91.
13. Hansen K. Arctic ice melt is changing ocean currents. NASA. 2023. URL: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2950/arctic- ice-melt-is-changing-ocean-currents/ (дата звернення: 10 грудня 2024).
14. Parlow A. The changing dynamics of the Arctic ecosystem and food security: The case of the Bering Sea region. In The climate-conflict-displacement nexus from a human security perspective (pp. 149–170). Springer International Publishing. 2022.
15. Romero R., Emanuel K. Climate Change and Hurricane-Like Extratropical Cyclones: Projections for North Atlantic Polar Lows and Medicanes Based on CMIP5 Models. Journal of Climat. 2017. 30(1). 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0255.1
16. Rudels B., Carmack E. Arctic Ocean water mass structure and circulation. Oceanography. 2022. 35(3/4). 52–65.
17. NASA. Arctic sea ice minimum. NASA. 2023. URL: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/?intent=121 (дата звернення: 11 грудня 2024).
18. Thomson J., Rogers W. E. Swell and sea in the emerging Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters. 2014. 41(9). 3136–3140. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059983
19. U.S. National Ice Center. Marginal Ice Zone. Arctic Ice Products. 2023. URL: https://usicecenter.gov/Products/Arcti- cHome (дата звернення: 11 грудня 2024).
20. Vizza R., Segal M. Arctic ice melt is changing ocean currents. 2020. URL: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2950/arctic- ice-melt-is-changing-ocean-currents/ (дата звернення: 10 грудня 2024).
21. Walsh J. E., Ballinger T. J., Euskirchen E. S., Hanna E., Mård J., Overland J. E., Tangen H., Vihma T. Extreme weather and climate events in northern areas: A review. Earth-Science Reviews. 2020. 209. 103324.
22. Wilson C., Aksenov Y., Rynders S. et al. Significant variability of structure and predictability of Arctic Ocean surface pathways affects basin-wide connectivity. Communications Earth & Environment. 2021. 2. 164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00237-0
PDF Downloads: 12
