THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE ON THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ENTERPRISES

Abstract

The article explores the critical influence of demographic structure on the formation of human capital within enterprises in Ukraine under conditions of socio-economic instability and war. The study emphasizes the deep interconnection between demographic indicators and the long-term sustainability of the labor force. A key focus is placed on the age-sex composition of the population, as illustrated by the demographic pyramid for January 1, 2022, which reflects several alarming trends. These include a sharp decline in the proportion of youth under the age of 14, a rapidly aging population, gender imbalances, and significant migration flows. The loss of young people, who typically possess high adaptability, digital literacy, and innovation potential, threatens the country’s ability to replenish and develop a competitive human capital base. The core of Ukraine’s current human capital consists of individuals aged 30 to 45, who are the most professionally active and technologically engaged. However, this group is expected to shrink due to the insufficient inflow of younger generations, leading to increased pressure on healthcare, education, and pension systems. In addition, migration processes—both internal displacement and mass emigration—have led to the outflow of some of the most economically active and educated segments of the population. According to the UNHCR, over 7.9 million Ukrainians have fled abroad, and another 4.9 million are internally displaced. These groups include women aged 35–59 and youth aged 18–34, who form the backbone of intellectual and managerial capital in any modern economy. Gender inequality is another important issue identified in the structure of employment. Women are significantly underrepresented in micro and small enterprises, which reduces the inclusiveness and efficiency of labor market development. Conversely, large and medium-sized enterprises demonstrate greater gender balance and better institutional conditions for talent development, thus enabling more comprehensive human capital reproduction. The article concludes that overcoming the negative consequences of demographic shifts and migration requires a coordinated state policy focused on preserving, developing, and effectively utilizing human capital. Such policy must include educational reform, support for youth and women’s participation in the labor market, and incentives to encourage demographic renewal, ensuring the resilience and innovative potential of Ukraine’s economy.